The best varieties of spring wheat: characteristics of Uralosibirskaya, Daria, Omskaya and others

Spring wheat is a highly valuable crop. The grain contains 25% protein, 30% gluten - these are excellent qualities for baking bread. Durum varieties are used as the basis for pasta, as well as for the production of semolina, noodles, noodles, flour. Waste in the form of bran is used to feed livestock.

The plant is resistant to unfavorable climatic conditions, which allows it to be grown both in most of Russia and throughout the world.

Features of spring wheat varieties

Spring wheat is a herbaceous plant of the Poa family (grasses). It is one of the most important crops in agriculture and in the world. There are up to 20 varieties of spring wheat. They are divided into soft and hard.

Some countries, such as India, Pakistan and Ethiopia, grow their own varieties of the spring crop.

Origin story

Spring wheat comes from the countries of the Middle East - Armenia is considered its homeland. This cereal was one of the first cultivate people 6-10 thousand years ago.

During the selection process, about 200 varieties of wheat were developed, but today only the most productive and resistant varieties are cultivated.

What are the advantages

Spring wheat varieties have a number of advantages:

1. Unpretentious to weather conditions. They are grown in Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and many other countries.
2. High-quality grain harvest.
3. High immunity to pests and diseases.
4. During the grain filling period, wheat showed high resistance to dry winds and heat resistance.

However, compared to winter wheat, spring wheat has a smaller yield. On average 45 centners per hectare. While the wheat yield is 60 quintals per 1 ha.

Characteristics and description of spring crops

The root system of spring wheat consists of several embryonic nodules and roots that form adventitious shoots. It completes its formation by the time the plant blooms. Reaches a length of 1.5 m.

The stem is a straw, reaches 0.5 m in height. Inflorescences are spikelets that are divided into segments and rods. They consist of several flowers that are covered with scales.

The fruits of spring wheat are grains of different weights and colors.

Drought resistance

The main advantage of spring wheat is its unpretentiousness to growing conditions. Varieties grow both in rainy regions and in dry ones, for example, in Ethiopia.

Important. The resistance of spring wheat to drought depends on the variety.

Some varieties (Voevoda, Annushka) were bred specifically for arid steppe regions, where there is little rainfall in autumn and practically no snow in winter.

With a lack of moisture, wheat yield decreases. For example, Voevoda is capable of producing 25 c/ha. In dry summers - 11 c/ha.

Disease resistance

With properly organized care, spring wheat is highly resistant to diseases, both fungal and viral. It is even used as an insurance variety in risky farming areas.

As a preventative measure, crops are treated with:

• yellow and brown rust;
• powdery mildew;
• stem rust;
• Septoria.

For these purposes, the following fungicides are used according to the instructions:

• "Tilt" - 0.4 kg/ha;
• "Fundazol" - 0.6 kg/ha;
• "Bayleton" - 0.5 kg/ha.

Treatment is carried out in the tillering phase. When the first signs of the disease are detected, repeat.

How does one cope with the cold?

The varieties are resistant to moderate temperature drops. However, soft spring wheat tolerates cold better than hard wheat.

Seeds can germinate already at +1°C. As soon as the soil at the planting depth warms up to +5°C, seedlings are expected on the 21st day. Comfortable temperature for the start of active growth is +13°C.

The spring crop is able to withstand short frosts. During grain germination - down to -12°C. During the tillering period - down to -10°C.

Attention. Frosts are destructive during flowering and grain filling.

Resistance to lodging

Durum spring wheat is the least susceptible to lodging. Plants are subject to maximum lodging in regions with high humidity and strong gusts of wind. The degree of exposure to this factor depends on the variety. For example, Rosinka and Chernyava are highly resistant to lodging.

Resistance to shedding

Depends on ripening time. Soft wheat is more susceptible to shedding - as soon as it ripens. To avoid this, strictly observe the cleaning time.

The hard one is more stable. However, if it becomes overripe, its stem breaks off at the root.

Important. Lodging of wheat makes harvesting difficult and reduces its quantity by half.

Lodging is not typical for varieties such as Daria and Irgina.

Yield characteristics

Spring wheat has a high yield. Thus, in central Russia it averages 13 c/ha. The exact numbers depend on climatic conditions - temperature and precipitation levels.

In the Non-Chernozem and Central Chernozem regions, the yield reaches 3.5 t/ha of grain, which meets the highest standards.

The best spring wheat varieties for the middle zone

The climate of central Russia is suitable for growing any variety of spring wheat. It is sown in early spring without preliminary soil preparation.

The following varieties are best suited for midland regions.

Uralosibirskaya

Soft spring wheat. The plant is tall - up to 1 m in height. The straw is weak, the spike is pyramidal, the grain density is average. 1000 grains weigh 35 g. Responds positively to watering and fertilizing. A distinctive feature of the variety is its high yield - up to 45 c/ha. It has high immunity to diseases (rust, powdery mildew, fusarium). Resistant to lodging. Ripening dates are early - up to 90 days from the date of sowing.

Daria

Popular soft spring wheat. An early hybrid, bred by crossing the G18 hybrid and the Belarusian variety.

The plant has a weak stem, prone to lodging, and is erect. The ears are pyramidal, round, pale milky in color. The grains are golden in color, oval or round. The variety is early ripening, about 80 days pass from the day of sowing to ripening. Suitable for cultivation both in central Russia and in the southern regions.

Daria has a high yield of 30 c/ha. Top quality grain. Has high immunity to septoria, and weak - to rust.

Omsk

Soft spring wheat. The plant is tall - 106 cm. The grains are large, round-oval, with good baking properties. The weight of 1000 grains is 50 g. The variety is mid-season - 88 days pass from the day of sowing to full ripening. High-yielding - up to 65 c/ha.

It has strong immunity to diseases (fusarium, powdery mildew, rust). It is also drought-resistant, heat-resistant, and not prone to lodging. Retains high quality when left standing.

Boyevchanka

Plant up to 1 m high. The grains are large, highly elongated, oval. They have a high gluten content, which makes them suitable for baking bread. The weight of 1000 grains is 35 g.

A variety of strong wheat. Resistant to lodging, diseases (septoria, powdery mildew), and weather changes. Used as insurance during late sowing periods. Boyevchanka is characterized by high yield - 53 c/ha.

Irgina

This is a soft spring wheat, intended for cultivation both in the middle zone and in the south. In warm climates it produces 100% yield. Irgina is an early ripening plant with an accelerated growth rate - up to 75 days.

The yield is average - about 35 c/ha. Irgina is resistant to lodging and powdery mildew.

Imported spring wheat varieties

Among spring wheat varieties, not only domestic but also foreign ones are popular.

Munch

German variety of spring wheat. Late ripening - up to 98 days from the date of sowing. Plants are 75 cm high. The grains are medium, glassy or semi-vitreous. The weight of 1000 pieces is from 40 to 50 g. It has high baking properties due to its significant protein content (17%) and gluten (40%).

The variety is resistant to lodging. It has high immunity to powdery mildew and low immunity to septoria head blight. The yield is 65 c/ha.

Bunty

Mid-season (up to 80 days) variety, bred in Poland. Grain of the second quality group.

Productivity is high - 66 c/ha. Resistant to powdery mildew, less resistant to septoria head blight.

Cox

Another popular variety from Poland.Medium late ripening (about 86 days). The grains are large and round. The weight of 1000 seeds is about 45 g. It has high baking properties.

Ripening is uniform, yield is 60 c/ha. Reacts well to growth enhancers.

Imported varieties of spring wheat have a number of advantages over domestic ones:

1. High baking properties due to the gluten content in the grain.
2. Resistant to lodging.

And a number of disadvantages:

1. Low immunity to septoria head blight.
2. Less unpretentious to the climate in which they grow.

Features of cultivation of spring wheat

Spring wheat is demanding on agricultural technology. To get high yields, you will have to put in a lot of effort.

Seeding rates

The sowing rate of spring wheat seeds depends on many factors:

• varieties;
• region of growth;
• soil;
• sowing method.

The average figure is 5 million viable seeds per 1 hectare. In low-growing varieties that are highly resistant to lodging and grown on fertile soils, it is 6 million/ha.

In the humid regions of the Volga region - 5 million/ha.

In dense soil of steppe regions - 4 million/ha.

Cultivation technology

To obtain a high and high-quality harvest of spring wheat, cultivation technology is followed. It includes the following activities:

• compliance with crop rotation;
• implementation of necessary agricultural technology.

Precursor plants

Spring varieties are planted after legumes, row crops, and winter crops.

If the predecessor plant is winter wheat, then the accumulation of diseases and pests that are characteristic of the crop is possible in the soil. This will adversely affect the future spring harvest.

Fertilizers

Varieties of this species (especially hard ones) prefer fertile soil enriched with potassium, phosphorus, and nitrogen. To form 1 ton of grain, you need:

1. phosphorus - 11 kg;
2. nitrogen - 30 kg;
3. potassium - 22 kg.

It is important to follow the fertilizer application schedule.

During sowing, the following is added to the rows at a depth of 15 cm:

• superphosphate in granules - 14 kg/ha;
• phosphorus (in complex formulations of diammophos and ammophos) - 11 kg/ha.

The amount of organic fertilizer depends on the humus content. At high levels, up to 15 tons of organic matter per 1 hectare will be required. At low - 35 t/ha.

During the heading (flowering) period:

• fertilizing with nitrogen (urea) - 30 kg/ha;
• microfertilizers (boron, zinc, copper) - 20 kg/ha.

Plants respond positively to nitrogen and nitrogen-phosphorus compounds, for example, azofoska, nitofoska, calcium nitrate, ammonia water.

Reference. Application rates depend on the predecessor plant, weather conditions and soil composition.

Preparing the site before sowing

It begins as soon as the predecessor has been removed. Disking is carried out, then harrowed and leveled.

Seed preparation

Before sowing, seed material is carefully selected, cleaned of possible impurities and sorted by size. First of all, large ones are planted, the weight of 1000 grains is 40 g.

Then they are treated with special means to activate growth:

• “Lignohumate” - 45 g/t;
• "Rexolin ABC" - 100 g/t.

Processing seed material before planting can increase the safety of the crop by 15%. This is a necessary measure to protect plants from pests and diseases.

Compositions based on flutriafol, triticonazole, benomyl, carboxin and many others are used as a disinfectant. These are drugs such as:

• "Vitavax" - 3 kg/t;
• "Fundazol" - 3 kg/t;
• "TMTD" - 1.5 kg/t.

Seed material is disinfected with chemicals at least two weeks before sowing.

Grain is processed in one of the following ways:

1. Dry etching. The easiest way. Special machines are used for this.
2. Semi-dry. For 1 ton of seeds take up to 5 liters of water. Occurs using specialized equipment.
3. Wet, by spraying. The seed material is soaked or watered with compounds dissolved in water. After processing, the grains are dried.
4. Hydrophobization. Treatment with polymer substances that form a film on the surface of the seeds. In this method, fungicides (foundazole) are used. The dressing agent is held on the surface of the grain, providing maximum protection.

Sowing

Spring wheat is sown early, in the first half of spring. After the soil warms up to +5°C. Choose a narrow-row method (row spacing no more than 7 cm) with a planting depth of up to 5 cm.

Important. With excessive deepening, seed germination is significantly reduced.

Features of care and harvesting

The following techniques are used to care for spring wheat:

• rolling;
• harrowing;
• feeding;
• weed control.

Harrowing is carried out at a depth of up to 3.5 cm. At the same time, young weeds are removed. To destroy weeds, special chemical compounds are used - herbicides (Semazin 80% - 0.5 kg/ha; Illoxan 30% - 3 l/ha). The main fertilizing is carried out during the flowering phase of cereals.

Chemicals are used to control pests and diseases:

• "Bayleton" - 0.5 kg/ha;
• "Tilt" (emulsion) - 0.4 kg/ha.

Spray the plantings with herbicides:

• "Dialen" - 0.3 l/ha;
• amine salt - 1.5 l/ha.

Watering is carried out moderately and only in dry areas.

After the grain has filled (the timing depends on the type of wheat, from 75 to 98 days), it is important to harvest the crop on time. Many varieties are prone to lodging and shedding, overripe or break on the vine.Two methods are used for harvesting: separate and direct combining.

The second is implemented in two steps:

1. The plants are mowed down.
2. Dried and threshed.

Maximum time for harvesting — 10 days in good weather.

Conclusion

Spring wheat is the most significant crop both in our country and around the world. By selecting a variety taking into account the climatic characteristics of the region, observing cultivation technology and harvesting dates, high-quality grain is obtained.